Syllabus of Jamia Hamdard Bachelor of Pharmacy (BPharmacy) - Ist Year - BPH02 Unit Operation

PHARMACEUTICS-I (Paper BPH 02)
UNIT OPERATIONS (THEORY)
Total Teaching Hours: 50

1. Introduction

Introduction to unit operation and pharmaceutical engineering. Concept and requirement, basic laws, materials and energy balances.

2. Conveying of Solids

Belt conveyors, chain conveyors, screw conveyors and pneumatic conveyors.

3. Pharmaceutical Plant Construction

Selection of materials for pharmaceutical plants, study of factors like physical, chemical, mechanical and economical. Suitability of different materials for different plants i.e. Ferrous metals -Cast iron, steel, stainless steel; Non-ferrous metals - copper and alloys, aluminum and alloys, lead, tin, silver, nickel and alloys, chromium, zinc; Non-metals glass, stoneware, slate brick, concrete, asbestos, plastics, rubber, timber, ceramics and enamel.

Corrosion : Types, causes, theories and methods of prevention of corrosion.

4. Environmental Pollution and safety hazards

Mechanical, chemical, electrical fire and dust hazards, safety requirements; fire extinguishers; accident records. Environment control and effluent treatment.

5. Flow of fluids

Fluid static and dynamics, basic equations, laws of conservation in fluid flow. Measurement of pressure: Manometers, Types of flow, Reynold's number and its significance; distribution of velocities in a pipe; friction losses; pipe fittings and joints. Measurement of fluid flow: Principle, and construction of venturimeter, orifice meter, pitot tube, weirs, Rota meter, and positive displacement meter - current meter and disc meter.

Flow controls: Plug cock, globe valves, gate valves, and water hammer, unidirectional valves, automatic regulating valve.

Pumps: Reciprocating pumps, positive displacement pumps, rotary pumps - volute and centrifugal pumps. Blowers-Compressors, evacuators

6. Heat transfer

Modes of heat transfer; heat transfer coefficient; OHTC. Convection- concept of film overall coefficient, evaluation of individual film coefficient. Radiation - Stefan Boltzmann law; heating media, equipments, lagging. Fuels - solid, liquid, gases. Steam as heating medium - properties and uses of steam, steam traps, pressure reducing valve, steam heated heat exchanger, lagging, condensation, heating by electricity.

7. Distillation

Theory of distillation, vapor liquid equilibrium relationship, volatility and relative volatility, Azeotropic and zeotropic mixture, phase diagrams. Rectification and construction of columns; molecular distillation; steam distillation; enthalpy composition diagram and determination of number of theoretical plates; HELP.

8. Refrigeration and Air Conditioning

Refrigeration: Theory of refrigeration, refrigeration current cycle and equipments employed for largescale refrigeration. Air conditioning: Theory of air conditioning, application and types, humidification and dehumidification, cooling towers.

Humidity: Determination methods, methods of increasing and decreasing humidity. Application of humidity control in pharmaceutical industries.

9. Drying

Theory of drying - principles, equilibrium moisture content, rate of drying; drying of dilute solutions and suspensions - drum dryer, spray dryer; drying of solids - convection type, tray dryer, tunnel dryer, rotary dryer, fluidized bed dryer, vacuum dryer, oven dryer, freeze dryer, radiant heat dryers. Automation in drying process.

10. Autoclave Process Control System

Process variables, temperature, pressure, flow, level and vacuum and their measurements. Elements of automatic process control systems. Elements of computer aided manufacturing (CAM).

11. Crystallization

Characterization of crystals and factors affecting them, suppersaturation theory and its limitations, nucleation mechanisms, crystal growth, study of various types of crystallizer, tanks, agitated batch, Swenson Walker, single vacuum, circulating magma and crystal crystallizer, cacking of crystals and its prevention.

PRACTICALS
Total Hours: 100

Experiments based upon theoretical portion preferably on the following

1. Effect of thickness of filter media, hydrostatic pressure, size of filter media etc. on filtration rate.
2. Rate of drying, equilibrium moisture content, determination of factors affecting rate of drying.
3. Effect of number of balls and speed of ball mill on the grinding rate in ball mill.
4. Comparison of single stage and multiple stage extraction in solid-liquid extraction.
5. Study of Reynold's number and flow of fluids.
6. Estimation of overall heat transfer coefficient in distillation unit.
7. Determination of flow rate by Orifice and Venturimeters.
8. Calibration of pressure gauge with manometers.
9. Efficiency of a simple distillation unit and effect of insulating materials on the efficiency.
10. Determination of efficiency of a steam distillation unit.
11. Determination of humidity by Psychometric method and physical - method.
12. Determination of hardness of water.
13. Effect of driving fluids on efficiency of ejector pumps.
14. Calibration of rotameters.
15. Factors affecting liquid displacement in air lift pumps.
16. Freeze drying of a solution of antibiotic. Suspension of lacto - bacilli and evaluation.
17. Elementary engineering drawing, Drawing instruments and their uses, Lines, Lettering and
dimensions. Orthographic projections, isometric projections, conversion of pictorial views into
orthographic views.

Books Recommended:
1. J.F.Richardson and J.M. Coulron: Chemical Engineering
2. Walter L. Badger and J.T. Banchero: Introduction to Chemical Engineering
3. Perry: Handbook of Chemical Engineering
4. Lauer & Heckmann: Chemical Engineering Techniques
5. Peters: Elementary Chemical Engineering
6. S.J. Carter: Tutorial Pharmacy
7. N.D.Bhatt: Elementary Engineering Drawing.

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