( From http://www.rxpgnews.com ) An experimental blood clot-removing device outperformed the FDA-approved MERCI; retriever device, according to late-breaking science presented at the American Stroke Association's 2012 International Stroke Conference.

The SOLITAIRE; Flow Restoration Device is a self-expanding stent-based design that mechanically removes blood clots from blocked vessels after a stroke. After insertion into the clot using a thin tube, or catheter, the device traps the clot then both device and clot are removed, restoring blood flow. The MERCI retriever uses a tiny corkscrew, guided by a balloon-tipped wire, to snare and remove the blood clot.

In the Solitaire With the Intention for Thrombectomy (SWIFT) trial, the first U.S. clinical trial to compare the two devices, 113 stroke patients at 18 hospitals were randomly assigned to undergo clot removal with either device within eight hours of stroke onset between Feb. 2010-Feb. 2011.

The trial was ended at the suggestion of a safety monitoring committee nearly a year earlier than planned due to significantly better outcomes with the new device. The experimental device opened blocked vessels without causing symptomatic intracranial hemorrhage in 61 percent of patients. The currently approved device had the same result in 24 percent of cases - a statistically significant difference, said Jeffrey L. Saver, M.D., lead author of the study, professor of neurology and director of the Stroke Center in the Geffen School of Medicine at the University of California in Los Angeles.

The use of the new device also led to better survival three months after stroke. There was a 17.2 percent mortality rate with the new device versus 38.2 percent with the older one.

Stroke caused by a blood clot blocking a blood vessel supplying the brain is the most common type of stroke, accounting for about 87 percent of all strokes. The FDA-approved treatment for stroke with the most robust body of evidence is use of a clot-busting drug, but the drug must be given within 4.5 hours of symptom onset, and more quickly in older patients. When clot-busting drugs cannot be used or are ineffective, the clot can sometimes be mechanically removed, during or even after the 4.5 hours. The study didn't compare mechanical clot removal to drug treatment.

Although not yet approved in the United States, the new device is approved in Europe.

Other specific findings - all of which were statistically significant - were:

Two percent of SOLITAIRE-treated patients had symptoms of bleeding in the brain compared to 11 percent of MERCI patients.

At the 90-day follow-up, overall adverse event rates, including bleeding in the brain, were similar for the two devices.

Fifty-eight percent of SOLITAIRE-treated patients had good mental/motor functioning at 90 days compared to 33 percent of MERCI patients.

The SOLITAIRE device also opened more vessels when used as the first treatment approach, necessitating fewer subsequent attempts with other devices or drugs.

Patients' average age was 67 years and 68 percent were male. Forty percent had not improved with standard clot-busting medication prior to the study, while the remainder had not received it.

The time from the start of symptoms to start of the clot retriever treatment was on average 4.9 hours for SOLITAIRE and 5.3 hours for MERCI. The study results account for this time difference.

This heralds a new era in acute stroke care, said Saver. We're going from our first generation of recanalization procedures, which were only moderately good in reopening target arteries, to now having a highly effective recanalization device. This really is a game-changing result.

( From http://www.rxpgnews.com ) A preference for fatty foods has a genetic basis, according to researchers, who discovered that people with certain forms of the CD36 gene may like high-fat foods more than those who have other forms of this gene.

The results help explain why some people struggle when placed on a low-fat diet and may one day assist people in selecting diets that are easier for them to follow. The results also may help food developers create new low-fat foods that taste better.

Fat is universally palatable to humans, said Kathleen Keller, assistant professor of nutritional sciences, Penn State. Yet we have demonstrated for the first time that people who have particular forms of the CD36 gene tend to like higher fat foods more and may be at greater risk for obesity compared to those who do not have this form of the gene. In animals, CD36 is a necessary gene for the ability to both detect and develop preferences for fat. Our study is one of the first to show this relationship in humans.

Keller and a tem of scientists from Penn State, Columbia University, Cornell University and Rutgers University examined 317 African-American males and females because individuals in this ethnic group are highly vulnerable to obesity and thus are at greatest risk for obesity-related diseases.

The team gave the participants Italian salad dressings prepared with varying amounts of canola oil, which is rich in long-chain fatty acids. The participants were then asked to rate their perceptions of the dressings' oiliness, fat content and creaminess on a scale anchored on the ends with extremely low and extremely high.

The team also gave participants questionnaires aimed at understanding their food preferences. Participants rated how much they liked each food on a scale anchored with dislike extremely and like extremely. Foods included on the questionnaire were associated with poor dietary intake and health outcomes, such as half-and-half, sour cream, mayonnaise, bacon, fried chicken, hot dogs, French fries, cheese, chips, cake, cookies and doughnuts. The researchers collected saliva samples from the participants to determine which forms of CD36 they had. From the saliva samples, they extracted DNA fragments and examined differences in the CD36 gene contained within the fragments.

They found that participants who had the AA form of the gene -- present in 21 percent of the population -- rated the salad dressings as creamier than individuals who had other forms of the gene. These individuals reported that the salad dressings were creamier regardless of how much fat was actually in them. The researchers also found that AA individuals liked salad dressings, half-and-half, olive oil and other cooking oils more than those who had other forms of the gene. The results are published in a recent issue of the journal

( From http://www.rxpgnews.com ) New scientific findings and hot topics in cardiovascular nursing will be the focus of the 12th Annual Spring Meeting on Cardiovascular Nursing. Managing in today's challenging financial environment and dealing with the increasing issue of cardiovascular disease in dementia patients are just two items on the packed agenda.

Some 200 abstracts will be presented by nurses and allied professionals on a wide range of topics including arrhythmias, heart failure, prevention, acute care, myocardial infarction and implantable devices. There's such a breadth of research and quality improvement projects that nurses and AHPs (allied health professionals) bring to this congress, says Professor Christi Deaton, immediate past-chairperson of the Council on Cardiovascular Nursing and Allied Professions (CCNAP).

This year's meeting, 'Health at Heart', is organised jointly by the (CCNAP) of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) and the Professional Society for Cardiovascular and Thorax Surgery Nurses, based in Denmark. It will be held 16-17 March 2012 at the state of the art Bella Centre in Copenhagen, Denmark.

New scientific findings will be presented on risky behaviours in adolescents with congenital heart disease, the links between depression and heart disease, the impact of art on quality of life in stroke survivors, and numerous other subjects of interest to journalists and the wider public.

This year will see a record number of moderated posters presented, a great opportunity for journalists to get stories and speak to the researchers. We increased the number of moderated poster sessions because it was such a popular forum last year, says Dr Kaat Siebens, chairperson of the CCNAP. It was an excellent opportunity to see the posters up close and have a good discussion with the scientists.

In addition to the abstracts, sessions will be held on hot topics in cardiovascular nursing that affect large numbers of patients. A session on fear in cardiovascular patients will consider whether fear is a positive coping strategy or negative emotional status, how fear can lead to delays in seeking treatment, and the relationship between fear and inflammation, which is associated with worse outcomes. Another session will explore the growing problem of how to manage complex cardiovascular problems in older patients with dementia.

A session will be devoted to leadership and management in difficult times, including how to get nurse-patient ratios right and how to motivate and retain experienced nurses. This is particularly newsworthy given today's financial climate. We are in difficult financial times and that affects healthcare, says Professor Deaton. Oftentimes healthcare systems decrease staffing when there is an economic crisis.

For the first time a daily congress news will be distributed which highlights events not to be missed by delegates and the press, and the day's top three abstracts (oral, moderated poster, and poster), chosen by the CCNAP and dubbed the 'Reviewers Choice'.

Also new will be on-site interviews with key figures, including a nurse prescriber who can discuss this important subject ahead of the 2013 meeting in Glasgow, where nurses can prescribe.

The meeting attracts around 600 nurses, allied professionals and technicians from Europe and beyond. Delegates and journalists will stay at the striking Bella Sky Comwell Hotel, which is attached to the congress centre. For those who wish to visit the city centre, Copenhagen Central Station is just 10-15 minutes' drive away.

We drafted the scientific programme with topics that are really important for our delegates, concludes Dr Siebens. And everybody is feeling the crisis, so I think one of the most important sessions will be the one regarding leadership and management in difficult times.

( From http://www.rxpgnews.com ) Most studies have found that binge drinking is associated with a loss of alcohol's protective effect against ischemic heart disease (IHD) and most studies have found an increase of coronary risk among binge drinkers.

This study followed 26,786 men and women who participated in the Danish National Cohort Study in 1994, 2000, and 2005 and sought to see if binge drinking increased the risk of IHD or all-cause mortality among light-to-moderate drinkers: (up to 21 drinks/week for men and up to 14 drinks/week for women). A drink was 12g.

Binge drinking (more that 5 drinks on an occasion) did not show differences in risk of ischemic heart disease (coronary disease) or total mortality than among always moderate drinkers. These results are somewhat different from results of many other epidemiologic studies that have shown increased risk of health problems (even higher risk of coronary disease) to be associated with what was referred to as binge drinking.

Why there were no adverse effects of binge drinking in this study has provoked considerable discussion among members of the Forum. The assessments of alcohol were based on consumption in the week prior to the examination, so data was not available to judge whether or not binge-drinking episodes occurred rarely or regularly. Data was available for smoking, education, physical activity, BMI, and self-reported hypertension and diabetes. There was a strong increase in IHD risk and mortality from binge drinking among heavy drinkers, but the authors were comparing outcomes in binge vs. non-binge drinkers among subjects in the light-to-moderate categories, and so in all comparisons, the relative risk of IHD and all-cause mortality was higher for non-drinkers than for all other categories of drinkers.

The general consensus of opinion among Forum members is the definition of binge drinking. The rapid consumption of more than 5 drinks on an empty stomach surely has different effects than the consumption of alcohol over several hours with food, such as during a prolonged dinner. The rate of consumption strongly affects the consequences of alcohol; the speed of drinking and context should constitute part of the definition of 'bingeing' and not just the total number of drinks.

The Forum concludes that binge drinking, however defined, is not a healthy pattern of alcohol consumption. But the circumstances of consumption (rate of consumption, with or without food, etc.) may also be important in its definition and in judging its effects on health.

The Forum does not take the results of this single study to support binge drinking. What the Danish results suggest is that the occasional excess embedded in a moderate consumption pattern is not shown to be harmful in this study. As recognized in responsible drinking guidelines from Australia, Canada and the US, occasional episodes of consumption greater than the recommended daily levels do not necessarily change the classification of a normally moderate drinker into that of an abuser.

( From http://www.rxpgnews.com ) Envirofit International, the Department of Energy's Oak Ridge National Laboratory and Colorado State University have won a Federal Laboratory Consortium award for excellence in technology transfer for a clean-burning cookstove designed for the developing world.

The story began in 2007 when Envirofit and Colorado State approached ORNL in search of guidance for selecting a commercially available low-cost metal combustor alloy able to withstand harsh operating conditions. The combustor component in the Envirofit stove design had to resist temperatures up to 1,650 degrees Fahrenheit in the presence of corrosive compounds resulting from burning a variety of biomass. The metal cost could not exceed a few dollars per pound.

Mike Brady of ORNL's Materials Science and Technology Division led a team that identified a family of low-cost iron-based alloys with the potential to meet Envirofit's design targets. ORNL also assisted Envirofit in specifying alloy compositional tolerances needed to achieve durability targets without significantly increasing alloy cost.

Under a work for others agreement funded by Envirofit, ORNL provided ongoing alloy specification and impurity tolerance input, assisted with the design and interpretation of corrosion studies to assess the durability of candidate alloys. ORNL also performed advanced characterization of corrosion products on laboratory and field-tested metal components.

This knowledge transfer resulted in a joint patent disclosure between Envirofit and Colorado State University, and ORNL for the metal combustor component and cookstove assembly.

To date, more than 150,000 Envirofit G-3300 stoves have been sold in the developing world. These stoves reduce smoke and harmful gases by up to 80 percent, reduce fuel use by up to 60 percent and reduce cooking time by up to 50 percent compared to traditional cooking fires and stoves. The core technology developed for the G-3300 has now been integrated across six models of wood and charcoal stoves.

Brady noted that this success story illustrates technology transfer at its best as ORNL was able to quickly provide materials selection guidance by leveraging extensive experience in high-temperature materials. This expertise was gained under the Department of Energy's Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy Industrial Technologies programs and Fossil Energy Advanced Research Materials programs.

Other ORNL members of the team were Larry Walker, David Stinton, Tim Theiss, Thomas Rosseel, Joe Marasco, Alex DeTrana and Frank Damiano. The award citation was for Materials for a Low-Cost, Clean Cookstove.

DOE laboratories won a total of seven of the 23 FLC awards for 2012 with the other honors going to Argonne National Laboratory, Los Alamos National Laboratory, National Energy Technology Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory and Sandia National Laboratories. The awards will be presented May 3 at the FLC national meeting in Pittsburgh.

( From http://www.rxpgnews.com ) Clot-busting drugs may be safe for patients who wake up experiencing stroke symptoms, according to preliminary research presented at the American Stroke Association's International Stroke Conference 2012.

In wake-up stroke, the person wakes up with symptoms after going to sleep with none. Not knowing when the stroke began excludes these patients from anti-clotting drugs that must be given within 4.5 hours of the beginning of the stroke.

Because wake-up strokes are common, occurring in up to a quarter of stroke sufferers, more research is needed on how to treat these patients, said Dulka Manawadu, M.D., lead researcher and a stroke medical consultant at King's College Hospital in London, U.K. Patients who experience stroke symptoms should call Emergency Medical Services urgently and get to the hospital fast, regardless of the time of onset. This will help specialists decide if novel interventions are appropriate and feasible.

In the study, researchers used a stroke registry to compare clot busting treatments received by 326 patients within 4.5 hours of symptom onset to 68 wake-up stroke patients, with unknown onset.

All the patients were treated in the same London medical center, where 20 percent suffered wake-up stroke. Researchers didn't randomly assign patients to receive different treatments for comparison, which is the gold standard and, thus, a limitation of the study.

Our study shows that administering clot-busting drugs to patients with wake-up stroke who have the same clinical and imaging features as those treated within current guidelines is feasible and safe, Manawadu said.

Researchers analyzed information on patients who received the clot-buster alteplase, sold under the name Activase, between January 2009 and December 2010. Wake-up stroke patients received clot-busting treatments if their clinical presentation and early stroke changes on CT scan images were comparable to those treated with a known time of onset. Both groups had similar blood pressure, blood sugar levels and scores on the National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale, which is a standardized method used by healthcare professionals to measure the level of impairment caused by a stroke.

After three months, the researchers found the wake-up stroke patients' death rates, risk of bleeding inside the brain, and the proportion that made a good recovery were similar to those patients treated within a known 4.5 hours of stroke onset.

Sometimes, doctors are reluctant to give clot-busting drugs to patients in whom the time of stroke onset is not known, because the risks of bleeding are not known, Manawadu said. However, a significant proportion of patients who have stroke symptoms on waking may have suffered stroke in the early hours of the morning and may still be within the window of time where clot-busting treatments are known to be effective. It is also likely that advanced imaging techniques may help to identify patients with wake-up stroke who have the potential to benefit from clot-busting drugs.

This is an area of growing importance because it may allow us to extend the indication for this effective treatment, Manawadu said. Research has been limited to date but the time is ripe to investigate effective treatments in this group of patients.

( From http://www.rxpgnews.com ) Common infections in children pose a high risk of ischemic stroke, according to research presented at the American Stroke Association's International Stroke Conference 2012.

In a review of 2.5 million children, the researchers identified 126 childhood ischemic stroke cases and then randomly selected 378 age-matched controls from the remaining children without stroke. They discovered that 29 percent of those who suffered a stroke had a medical encounter for infection in the two days preceding the stroke versus one percent of controls during the same dates.

In the three- to seven-day window, 13 percent of children had an infection compared to 2 percent of controls.

The elevated risk of stroke didn't persist after the first month of infection, researchers said.

This is the first large study to establish the relationship between infection and stroke in children, said Heather Fullerton, M.D., the study's principal investigator and director of the Pediatric Stroke and Cerebrovascular Disease Center at the University of California in San Francisco.

Researchers analyzed diagnostic and radiologic databases of children enrolled in the Kaiser Permanente healthcare plan from 1993 to 2007. They evaluated medical records and chart reviews for infections during the two years prior to the childhood stroke, and the same time period for the age-matched controls.

The children with stroke ranged from infants to adolescents, average 10.5 years old (oldest child was 19). Researchers identified three stroke-free controls per case. Findings between girls and boys or ethnic groups didn't differ.

Researchers found acute infections are more important in triggering stroke than chronic infections over time.

These were predominantly minor acute infections and represented a variety of infections, including upper respiratory infections, urinary tract infections and ear infections, Fullerton said. No particular type of infection predominated.

The study findings hold implications for the secondary prevention of stroke in children, she said.

Most previously healthy children with an ischemic stroke have a disease of the blood vessels to the brain, and these children are at highest risk of recurrent stroke. This study may provide some insight into why children develop this arteriopathy: the inflammatory process that results from an infection which may lead to stroke by causing vascular injury, researchers said.

The standard treatment for ischemic stroke in children is blood thinners. But the study suggests that future research should focus on the potential role for anti-inflammatory medications in preventing the recurrence of stroke in this population.

The incidence of stroke in childhood is about five per 100,000 in the United States each year, Fullerton said.

About half of childhood strokes are hemorrhagic (bleeding in the brain), according to American Heart Association statistics.

Childhood infections are exceedingly common, while childhood strokes are uncommon, Fullerton said. Parents should not be alarmed at the findings of this study. We suspect that there are rare genetic factors that may place some children at risk for this uncommon effect of common infections.

Infection is an established risk factor for ischemic stroke in adults. In the United States, stroke is the fourth leading cause of death and a leading cause of serious disability among adults.

( From http://www.rxpgnews.com ) Michael Mann and David Pollard, both scientists in Penn State's College of Earth and Mineral Sciences, have been elected as Fellows of the American Geophysical Union for exceptional contributions in original research in climate change.

Election as an AGU Fellow is one of the highest honors for scientists in Earth and space sciences. No more than 0.1 percent of AGU's 60,000-plus members is elected annually as Fellows. Only 61 scientists will receive the honor this year.

Mann, professor of meteorology and geosciences and director of the University's Earth System Science Center, is best known for using theoretical climate-system models and analyzing observational climate records to advance understanding of the Earth's climate and the changes -- both those naturally occurring and human-forced -- that have occurred over time.

In the late 1990s, Mann with colleagues published the hockey stick graph of Northern Hemisphere temperatures over the past millennium. Based upon so-called proxy climate records such as ice cores, tree rings and corals, the graph demonstrates significant global warming in the last century. The graph, which has become a lightning rod for climate-change deniers, and the ensuing controversy are the subject of Mann's soon-to-be-released book, The Hockey Stick and the Climate Wars: Dispatches From the Front Lines.

Mann was lead author of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Third Scientific Assessment Report and was among the scientists who shared the 2007 Nobel Peace Prize with Al Gore for that report. More recently, he was awarded the Hans Oeschger Medal of the European Geosciences Union in recognition of his climate-related work.

The author of more than 140 peer-reviewed and edited publications, Mann is co-author with Penn State Geoscientist Lee Kump of Dire Predictions, Understanding Global Warming: The Illustrated Guide to the Findings of the IPCC.

Mann received his undergraduate degrees in physics and applied math from the University of California at Berkeley, a master's degree in physics and a doctorate in geology and geophysics from Yale University. He joined Penn State in 2005.

Pollard, senior scientist, Earth and Environmental Systems Institute, works with global climate models and ice-sheet models to both investigate the physical processes that have shaped Earth's climate over geologic time and project the future of the Earth's system. By coupling and applying these models in innovative ways, Pollard has developed several new modeling techniques.

One of these has allowed floating ice shelves to be integrated efficiently and realistically into ice-sheet models. With these, Pollard has been able to create simulations of the advance and retreat of the grounding line -- where floating ice shelves and grounded ice meet -- of the fragile and vulnerable West Antarctic ice sheet, much of which rests on bedrock far below sea level. Melting of the great polar ice sheets will result in global sea-level rise.

Using this model, Pollard and Robert DeConto, a colleague at the University of Massachusetts, have simulated the past 5 million years of West Antarctic ice sheet variations. The results indicate the West Antarctic ice sheet has collapsed and re-grown multiple times, a conclusion confirmed by data from sediment cores drilled by the AntarcticGeological Drilling project.

The model also extends the reach of the core data to a wider geographical context and not just the spot drilled.

Pollard is currently applying the model to the future to assess the danger of West Antarctic ice sheet collapse in the next few centuries or millennium due to anthropogenic climate warming.

As an associate scientist at the National Center for Atmospheric Research in the early 1990s, Pollard was one of the main developers of the Genesis Global Climate Model, which has been widely used for studies of paleoclimate.

Pollard's research has been reported in more than 130 authored or co-authored publications in peer-reviewed literature.

Pollard, who came to Penn State in 1997, received his undergraduate degree in mathematics from Cambridge University, a master's degree in aeronautics and a doctorate in planetary science from California Institute of Technology.

Mann and Pollard will be recognized during an Honors Ceremony at the 2012 AGU Fall Meeting held Dec. 6-10, in San Francisco.

( From http://www.rxpgnews.com ) DETROIT -- A grant from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, administered by the Michigan Department of Community Health, is helping a Wayne State University researcher's effort to promote HIV testing among African-Americans.

Dana Rice, Dr.P.H., adjunct assistant professor of family medicine and public health sciences, has received $166,000 to expand HIV testing in the Wayne County jails to reduce racial and ethnic health disparities.

We have a huge disparity in racial and ethnic HIV rates in the United States, she said, noting that black men and women make up only 14 percent of the general population in Michigan, but 58 percent of people living with HIV or AIDS. Officials said that from January through December 2011, 72 percent of all inmates in Wayne County jails were African-American.

This project helps to at least tackle the primary issue of HIV prevention, which is that most people don't know their status, said Rice, a resident of Southfield. We are helping to support making individuals more knowledgeable about their HIV status by providing this service in a place where there is a high-risk population.

Her team is conducting HIV screening in county jails in collaboration with community partners. It also provides comprehensive HIV prevention services to inmates, including counseling and referrals to care for those who test positive.

That counseling helps inmates understand and reduce risk factors, and implement risk-reduction strategies to prevent them from acquiring or spreading the disease.

Researchers also inform them about the basics of HIV and how it affects the body.The grant helps continue a program that began in 2008, when Rice was director of the Health Promotion and Disease Prevention Department for the Wayne County Jail Health Services Division. The first portion of the funding expires March 31, but she expects it to be extended by an additional $166,000 to last through Sept. 30.

Rice said it is important to increase HIV testing among African-Americans because of the lack of knowledge and information within the community, where she said there has been complacency because HIV- and AIDS-related deaths aren't as prevalent as in the early 1980s, when the condition first became widely known.

Many high-risk people don't get tested because of the social stigma associated with HIV, which still is transmitted by high-risk behaviors and compounded by other socioeconomic issues within the community, Rice said.

Research assistants will work in county jail facilities to provide rapid testing results (within 20 minutes) to all inmates on an opt-out basis. Everyone is offered the test and specifically must decline it in writing.

Providing the test as a standard service helps reduce some of the stigma associated with the test and the disease, Rice said, while encouraging and promoting healthy behaviors that researchers hope will continue when the inmates are released.

It's not the social norm in our society that one should know their HIV status like their blood pressure or their blood type, she said. We really have to change the norms in our communities and reduce the stigma to recognize that knowing one's HIV status is vital personal health information.

It's also critical to public health, as we need to get people who have HIV diagnosed and linked into care to effectively reduce its transmission in the community.

( From http://www.rxpgnews.com ) LIVERMORE, Calif. -- Using models similar to those used in weapons research, scientists may soon know more about exoplanets, those objects beyond the realm of our solar system.

In a new study, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory scientists and collaborators came up with new methods for deriving and testing the equation of state (EOS) of matter in exoplanets and figured out the mass-radius and mass-pressure relations for materials relevant to planetary interiors.

Astronomers started detecting exoplanets 18 years ago and more than 700 have been found so far, the vast majority within the last two years. Interest is now growing in the structure and atmospheres of these worlds.

New equation-of-state work helps interpret the structure of exoplanets. As there is a minimal amount of data in each exoplanet observation, interpretation of their composition and structure depends largely on comparing their mass and radius with the composition expected given the distance from their parent star. The makeup implies a mass-radius relation, which relies heavily on EOS calculated from electronic structure theory and measured experimentally on Earth.

In the new research, lead Laboratory scientist Damian Swift, along with LLNL colleagues Jon Eggert, Damien Hicks, Sebastien Hamel, Kyle Caspersen, Eric Schwegler and Rip Collins, compared their modeling results with the observed masses and radii of exoplanets. Their results broadly support recent assumptions about the structures of exoplanets but can now take advantage of the accurate EOS models and data produced at Livermore.

Current theoretical techniques for calculating electronic structures can predict EOS relevant to planetary interiors, Swift said. But we still need experimental validation of these calculations; something that can now be done at the National Ignition Facility (NIF).

LLNL's National Ignition Facility is the world's largest laser designed to perform research on national security, fusion experimentation and basic science, such as astrophysics.

The team made specific predictions for notable exoplanets having earth-like, rocky, icy compositions, with planetary center pressures ranging from 8 to 19,000 Mbar (8 million to 1.9 billion atmospheres of pressure).

We have a project to measure material properties up to billions of atmospheres on NIF. We will eventually exceed the highest pressures investigated in the very small number of previous experiments using underground nuclear tests, which reached far above pressures that can be explored with other techniques currently available, Swift said.

Placing constraints on the structure of exoplanets requires accurate information about the compressibility of relevant compositions of matter, including iron alloys, silicates, and ices, under extreme conditions of pressure and temperature.

This sets the record straight and presents a survey of exoplanet structure information using material properties generated for, and validated using, experimental capabilities at the national labs, Swift said.

( From http://www.rxpgnews.com ) A longstanding California occupational safety program requiring all businesses to eliminate workplace hazards can help prevent injuries to workers, but only if it is adequately enforced, according to a new study by the RAND Corporation.

The first-ever evaluation of the California Injury and Illness Prevention Program found evidence that the program reduces workplace injuries, but only at businesses that had been cited for not addressing the regulation's more-specific safety mandates.

We found the safety effects to be real, but not very large, said John Mendeloff, lead author of the study and a senior public policy researcher for RAND, a nonprofit research organization. We think that the most important reason for the limited impact of this program is that inspectors often did not go beyond a review of the employer's written document.

When California Division of Occupational Safety and Health inspectors did investigate further and found failures to comply with provisions to train workers, identify and abate hazards, and investigate injury causes, the average injury rates at targeted businesses declined more than 20 percent in the following two years, Mendeloff said.

However, these provisions were cited in only about 5 percent of Cal-OSHA inspections, RAND researchers found. In the other 20 percent of inspections where a violation of the rule was cited, it was only for the section requiring the employer have a written program. Such a violation carries an average penalty of $150.

The California Injury and Illness Prevention Program, which became effective in 1991, requires all employers to adopt certain procedures. These include communicating to employees about risks, carrying out regular workplace surveys and abating the hazards that are found, training employees about how to work safely, and investigating the causes of the injuries that occur. In contrast, almost all other safety standards address specific hazards -- for example, those dealing with protection against falls.

The program has been the most frequently violated Cal-OSHA standard in every year since 1991, being cited in about 25 percent of all inspections. The California program is also one possible model for federal OSHA's current rule-making effort to develop a safety and health program rule.

The RAND study notes that higher penalties for noncompliance with the program and more extensive activities to make employers aware of their obligations could enhance compliance. However, two other approaches could have a greater impact: having inspectors conduct more in-depth assessments of employer programs and having inspectors link the violations they find and the injuries that have occurred to the program by asking Why weren't these prevented by your Injury and Illness Prevention Program?

The study found that employers who were cited for violations of the Injury and Illness Prevention Program in one inspection usually came into compliance in future inspections. However, the overall percentage of inspections finding program violations did not change over time.

Moreover, the percentage of first-time inspections finding violations was the same in 2007 as it was in 1993. These findings indicate that information about the program requirements failed to reach many employers, they failed to be convinced to comply by the threat of penalties, or both.

The 20 percent reduction in injuries following citations for the specific requirements of the California Injury and Illness Prevention Program translates to about 1 injury per year at a workplace with 100 employees. Most estimates of the value of preventing a work injury are in the range of $15,000 to $50,000. The RAND study did not find evidence that the statewide workplace fatality rate had decreased after the introduction of the program standard.

The study of injury effects was carried out using several different injury data sets. In all cases, inspections were included in the data if before and after injury rates could be obtained for the inspected business. The study was limited to workplaces in the manufacturing, transportation, utilities, wholesale trade and health care sectors. It included inspections through 2006.

( From http://www.rxpgnews.com ) Patients treated with IMRT for head and neck cancer report an increasingly better quality of life post-treatment when compared to patients receiving other forms of radiation therapy, according to a study presented at the Multidisciplinary Head and Neck Cancer Symposium, sponsored by AHNS, ASCO, ASTRO and SNM.

Intensity modulated radiation therapy, or IMRT, is a highly specialized form of external beam radiation therapy that allows the radiation beam to better target and conform to a tumor. It is a newer treatment that has become widely adopted for treating head and neck cancer. Prior studies have shown that IMRT decreases the probability of radiation therapy related side effects, including dry mouth and chewing and swallowing problems, but no study has been conducted to measure long-term quality of life in head and neck cancer patients treated with various forms of radiation therapy.

Investigators from the University of California, Davis, School of Medicine, prospectively administered the University of Washington Quality of Life instrument, a standardized, previously validated questionnaire that patients complete after radiation therapy, to 155 patients undergoing treatment for cancers of the head and neck and analyzed the scores over time. Fifty-four percent of patients were initially treated with IMRT and 46 percent were treated with non-IMRT techniques.

The researchers showed that the early quality of life gains associated with IMRT not only are maintained but become more magnified over time. At one-year post-treatment, 51 percent of IMRT patients rated their quality of life as very good or outstanding compared to 41 percent of non-IMRT patients. However, at two-years after treatment, the percentages changed to 73 percent and 49 percent, respectively. Also, 80 percent of patients treated with IMRT reported that their health-related quality of life was much better or somewhat better compared to the month before developing cancer. In contrast, only 61 percent of patients treated by non-IMRT techniques felt similarly.

Although the researchers acknowledged that quality of life is somewhat of a subjective concept, they nonetheless believe their findings support the widespread use of IMRT for head and neck cancer.

Hopefully, these results provide some reassurance to patients that radiation therapy using contemporary techniques in the hands of expert specialists can maintain their function and long-term quality of life, while still curing them of cancer, Allen Chen, MD, lead author of the study and director of the radiation oncology residency training program at the University of California, Davis School of Medicine in Sacramento, Calif., said.

Radiation therapy for head and neck cancer is without a doubt an intensive process and very intimidating to most patients. Folks think about the prospects of six to seven weeks of radiation and naturally expect the worst. It is nice to know that technological advances have made the treatment much more tolerable than in the past.

( From http://www.rxpgnews.com ) Looking for an item in a large department store or mall can be like searching for a needle in a haystack, but that could change thanks to a hybrid location-identification system that uses radio frequency transmitters and overhead LED lights, suggested by a team of researchers from Penn State and Hallym University in South Korea.

LED lights are becoming the norm, said Mohsen Kavehrad, W. L. Weiss Chair Professor of Electrical Engineering and director of the Center for Information and Communications Technology Research at Penn State. The same lights that brighten a room can also provide locational information.

To locate an item in a mall, the system would not need to transfer large amounts of data. Kavehrad and his team envision large stores or malls with overhead LED light fixtures, each assigned with a location code. At the entrance, a computer that is accessible via keyboard or even telephone would contain a database of all the items available. Shortly after a query, the location or locations of the desired item would appear.

The human eye can't see beyond 15 on and offs of a light per second, said Kavehrad. We can get kilobytes and megabytes of information in very rapid blinking of the LEDs, he told attendees at the SPIE Photonics West 2012 conference today in San Francisco.

But LED-transmitted locational information alone will not work because light does not transmit through walls. Kavehrad, working with Zhou Zhou, graduate student in electrical engineering, Penn State, designed a hybrid LiFi system using a Zigbee multihop wireless network with the LEDs.

ZigBee is an engineering specification designed for small, low-power digital radio frequency applications requiring short-range wireless transfer of data at relatively low rates. ZigBee applications usually require a low data rate, long battery life, and secure networking.

While a ceiling light can have communications with anything placed beneath its area, light cannot travel through walls, so a hybrid system using light and RF became the practical solution.

The system consists of the location-tagged LEDs and combination photodiode and Zigbee receiver merchandise tags. The request for an item goes from the computer through the many jumps of short radio frequency receivers and transmitters placed throughout the mall. The RF/photodiode tag on the merchandise sought, reads its location from the overhead LED and sends the information back through the wireless network to the computer.

Even when merchandise is moved from room to room, the accurate location remains available because a different LED overhead light with a different location code signals the tag.

While ideal for shopping applications, this hybrid model is also useful in other situations. LED-transmitted information is useful in places like hospitals, where radio frequency signals can interfere with equipment.

Modern Geographic Positioning Systems, such as those in cell phones, can easily locate people outside, but they do not work within buildings. A hybrid system in a high-rise office building, for example, could not only tell the system someone was in the building, but could identify the floor where the person was at that time. In museums or hospitals, navigation systems could guide people through large buildings by reading the final destination signal from a hand-carried photodiode device and initializing lights or other indicators to show the proper path.

Kavehrad notes that Zigbee devices are designed to be inexpensive, as are the photodiodes also required for the system. Not every identical item would need a tag and the tags are reusable.

Also working on this project were Yong Up Lee, professor of electronics, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Korea, currently at Penn State on sabbatical, and Sungkeun Baang and Joohyeon Park, masters degree students at Hallym University.

( From http://www.rxpgnews.com ) The National Institutes of Health has launched two multi-site clinical trials to evaluate treatments for out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. One will compare continuous chest compressions (CCC) combined with pause- free rescue breathing to standard cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR), which includes a combination of chest compressions and pauses for rescue breathing. The other trial will compare treatment with the drug amiodarone, another drug called lidocaine, or neither medication (a salt-water placebo) in participants with shock-resistant ventricular fibrillation, a condition in which the heart beats chaotically instead of pumping blood.

The majority of the approximately 350,000 people who have cardiac arrest in the United States each year are assessed by emergency medical service (EMS) providers. During a cardiac arrest, the heart stops beating, and unless it is restarted within minutes, the person usually dies. Although immediate CPR can be lifesaving, more than 90 percent of people who experience a cardiac arrest outside of a hospital die before reaching a hospital or soon thereafter.

Increasing survival rates for people who experience out-of-hospital cardiac arrest is a major public health goal, said Susan B. Shurin, M.D., acting director of the NIH's National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, which is the lead federal sponsor of the studies. These new trials could provide critical insight about which resuscitation efforts are most effective for cardiac arrest.

The trials will serve a combined population of nearly 21 million people from diverse urban, suburban, and rural regions across the U.S. and Canada.

The CCC trial will compare survival-to-hospital-discharge rates for two CPR approaches delivered by paramedics and fire fighters. Persons experiencing cardiac arrest will be randomly assigned to receive continuous chest compressions, or standard CPR by emergency responders. Standard CPR, the approach recommended by the American Heart Association (AHA) for use by emergency responders, includes chest compressions with short pauses for assisted breathing. This approach has been called into question by emerging data suggesting that stopping chest compressions to provide assisted breathing interrupts overall blood flow, thereby lowering survival.

Previous studies have shown that people who suffer cardiac arrest outside of the hospital and are treated by bystanders are more likely to survive when given compressions alone, according to Graham Nichol, M.D., M.P.H., principal investigator of the CCC trial and a professor of medicine and director of the Center for Prehospital Emergency Care and medical director of the Clinical Trials Center at the University of Washington, Seattle. In 2010, AHA adopted new guidelines that recommended continuous chest compressions only for bystanders.

The CCC trial will help to determine if continuous compressions is equal to or better than standard professional CPR when paramedics, who are better able to provide assisted breathing than bystanders, intervene, said Nichol.

Trained emergency personnel will give all participants in the CCC trial three cycles of CPR followed by heart rhythm analysis and, if needed, an electrical shock (defibrillation), applied to the chest. Half will be randomly assigned to receive continuous compressions combined with pause-free rescue breathing and half will receive standard professional CPR.

The CCC trial will enroll up to 23,600 participants at eight major regional locations across the U.S. and Canada.

The Amiodarone, Lidocaine, or neither (Placebo) for Out-Of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest Due to Ventricular Fibrillation or Tachycardia study (ALPS) will determine whether amiodarone or lidocaine improves survival-to-hospital-discharge rates for participants with shock-resistant ventricular fibrillation. Participants will receive one or the other drug or a placebo.

About 25 percent of cardiac arrests are due to ventricular fibrillation. When shock treatment with a defibrillator fails to restore normal heart rhythm during ventricular fibrillation, medications such as amiodarone or lidocaine are often given, but their effectiveness in improving survival is unknown.

Answering these questions is crucial and will determine the role of these drugs for patients who experience out-of-hospital cardiac arrest, said Peter Kudenchuk, M.D., principal investigator of the ALPS trial and the Seattle-King County Resuscitation Outcomes Consortium (ROC) clinical site, and professor of medicine and heart rhythm specialist at the University of Washington School of Medicine (UW Medicine).

The ALPS trial will enroll up to 3,000 participants at nine locations across the U.S. and Canada.

CCC and ALPS are part of the NIH-supported Resuscitation Outcomes Consortium (ROC), the first large-scale clinical research network in the world designed to study, improve, and standardize how EMS teams deliver very early, pre-hospital interventions to improve patient survival after cardiac arrest or trauma. ROC has forged innovative multidisciplinary research partnerships between emergency physicians, cardiologists, EMS workers, trauma surgeons, and neurosurgeons to bring diverse perspectives to research that ultimately will lead to better clinical practice. As with all clinical trials funded by the NIH, an independent group of experts will monitor patient safety throughout both trials.

The NHLBI is the lead federal sponsor for both of the new studies, and the U.S. Army Medical Research and Materiel Command is a federal co-sponsor. Additional funding is provided by the Canadian Institutes of Health Research, the Heart and Stroke Foundation of Canada, the Defense Research and Development Canada, and the AHA.

Almost 60 fire and EMS organizations will participate in the ALPS trial, and approximately 125 EMS organizations will participate in the CCC trial.

Participating centers include:

( From http://www.rxpgnews.com ) (SACRAMENTO, Calif.) -- Patients with head and neck cancers who have been treated with newer, more sophisticated radiation therapy technology enjoy a better quality of life than those treated with older radiation therapy equipment, a study by UC Davis researchers has found.

The findings, presented today at the Multidisciplinary Head and Neck Cancer Symposium in Phoenix, is the first of its kind to measure long-term quality of life among cancer patients who have undergone radiation therapy for advanced cancers of the throat, tongue, vocal cords, and other structures in the head and neck.

Allen Chen, assistant professor and director of the residency and fellowship training program in the UC Davis Department of Radiation Oncology, reported that the use of intensity-modulated radiation therapy, or IMRT, was associated with fewer long-term side effects, which led to a better quality of life. Standard radiation therapy to the head and neck has been known to affect a patient's ability to produce saliva, taste, and even chew food. These side effects historically have resulted in permanent disabilities.

With the newer machines using IMRT, physicians are skillfully able to deliver higher doses of radiation to the tumor and lower doses to surrounding normal tissues than ever before, Chen said. I wanted to see if this theoretical advantage resulted in any tangible improvements in quality of life for patients.

For the study, Chen used the University of Washington Quality of Life instrument, a standardized, previously validated questionnaire that patients complete after radiation therapy. The survey was administered prospectively to 155 patients at UC Davis Cancer Center diagnosed with head and neck cancers, 54 percent of whom were initially treated with IMRT and 46 percent of whom were treated with other radiation therapy technologies. All of the patients receiving IMRT also underwent image-guided radiotherapy (IGRT), which has been available at UC Davis since 2006 and is used to increase accuracy by taking a high-quality scan of the tumor daily.

Chen and his colleagues found that the early gains observed in quality of life became magnified over time for those who received IMRT treatment. For example, one year after treatment, 51 percent of the IMRT patients rated their quality of life as very good or outstanding, compared to 41 percent of non-IMRT patients. But two years after treatment, the percentages changed to 73 percent and 49 percent respectively.

John Torres of Sacramento was diagnosed in early 2010 with a large tumor at the base of his tongue on the right side of his throat. Fearing that surgery might result in the loss of his voice box, Torres opted for IMRT with IGRT and had 33 treatments.

Torres, now 73 and in remission, points out that the treatments were no walk in the park, but said he is faring much better than he expected. Although his mouth is often dry and he has lost some taste sensation, he is enjoying an active life.

I golf a couple of time a week, he said. My wife and I like to socialize. We go out, and we dance. And we are planning to take a cruise through the Panama Canal in next two or three months. Life has gotten back to pretty much exactly what it was.

Chen acknowledged that quality of life is difficult to measure because of its subjective nature. Nonetheless, he said the findings support the more widespread use of IMRT in radiation clinics throughout the country.

There has been some reluctance to utilize it because it is expensive, resource intensive, and takes on average 10 to 12 hours to prepare a single patient's treatment, he said. I think this is further evidence that our investment in developing newer technologies is really paying off.

( From http://www.rxpgnews.com ) About one in five young adults in their late 30's received a flu shot during the 2009-2010 swine flu epidemic, a University of Michigan (U-M) study released today says.

But about 65 percent were at least moderately concerned about the flu, and nearly 60 percent said they were following the issue very or moderately closely.

Using survey data collected from approximately 3,000 young adults during the 2009-2010 H1N1 influenza epidemic, this second of three parts in a U-M Generation X Report explores the first serious infectious disease Americans ages 36-39 ever experienced. It describes how the group kept abreast of the issue and what actions they eventually took to protect themselves and their families.

The data is part of the Longitudinal Study of American Youth conducted by the Institute for Social Research at University of Michigan and directed by Jon D. Miller, author of the report. The study, funded by the National Science Foundation since 1986, now includes responses from approximately 4,000 Gen Xers--those born between 1961 and 1981.

These results suggest that young adults in Generation X did reasonably well in their first encounter with a major epidemic, says Miller. Those with minor children at home were at the greatest risk, and they responded accordingly with higher levels of awareness and concern.

According to Miller, understanding GenX reactions to this recent threat may help public health officials manage future epidemics more effectively.

This nationally-representative study helps us understand young adults' knowledge of viral infections and the ways they sought information on the H1N1 epidemic, says Gavin Fulmer, associate program director in NSF's Division of Research on Learning. The findings can inform public health officials about the relationships among health knowledge, accessible sources of health information and preventive behaviors. This may help us address future epidemics or other potential health emergencies.

The results also show that even though a majority of Generation X young adults felt that they were well informed or very well informed about the issue, overall they scored only moderately well on an Index of Influenza Knowledge, a series of five items designed to test the level of knowledge about viral infections generally and about the swine flu epidemic specifically.

Among the other findings:

Young adults with minor children at home were most likely to follow the news about influenza closely and were most concerned about the swine flu epidemic.

Young adults were most likely to report getting information about the epidemic from friends, co-workers and family members. In the month before the survey, they reported having about nine such conversations, compared to getting news about the flu less than three times via print or broadcast media and about five times from searching the internet.

The most trusted sources of information about the influenza epidemic were physicians, followed by the National Institutes of Health, pharmacists at local drug stores and nurses from county health departments. The least trusted sources were YouTube videos, drug company commercials and Wikipedia articles.

In the decades ahead, the young adults in Generation X will encounter numerous other crises--some biomedical, some environmental, and others yet to be imagined, says Miller. They will have to acquire, organize and make sense of emerging scientific and technical information, and the experience of coping with the swine flu epidemic suggests how they will meet that challenge.

A third Generation X Report on the topic of food and cooking will be issued in April 2012. Subsequent reports will cover climate, space exploration, citizenship and voting.

( From http://www.rxpgnews.com ) The National Academy of Sciences (NAS) has awarded John Waterbury, scientist emeritus in the Biology Department at the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (WHOI), the 2012 Gilbert Morgan Smith Medal.

Waterbury is among 17 individuals honored by NAS this year in recognition of their extraordinary scientific achievements in a wide range of fields spanning the physical, biological, and social sciences. The recipients will be formally recognized in a ceremony on April 30, 2012, during the NAS annual meeting.

Waterbury is being honored for his path-breaking discovery and characterization of ecologically important marine microorganisms, setting in motion major advances in our understanding of marine food webs and the cycling of essential elements in ocean ecosystems. The prestigious award, established through the Helen P. Smith Fund, is given every three years in recognition of excellence in published research on marine or freshwater algae and includes a $20,000 prize.

A career as a general microbiologist at WHOI, with its unique access to the seas, has afforded me the opportunity to study diverse groups of ecologically important microorganisms, Waterbury said. Almost anytime we dipped a bucket into the ocean, we came up with fascinating new microbes. Possessing a microbial 'green thumb' helped in being able to isolate and characterize what turned out to be important groups involved in nutrient cycling at the base of the marine food chain.

The Gilbert Morgan Smith Medal is the icing on what has been a very rewarding forty-year tenure at WHOI, he added.

After graduating from the University of Vermont with a degree in zoology in 1965, Waterbury began working with Stanley Watson at WHOI on nitrifying bacteria. The two men, along with colleague Frederica Valois, are credited with discovering the abundance of unicellular cyanobacteria in the ocean in the 1970s. Waterbury obtained his master's and doctorate degrees from the University of California, Berkeley. In 1975, he returned to WHOI and continued research that highlighted cyanobacteria's critical ecological roles for the ocean and the planet.

John has been a true pioneer in the discovery, isolation, and cultivation of marine cyanobacteria. These microbes have turned out to be of fundamental importance in understanding the ecology and biogeochemistry of the open oceans, said Mak Saito, a colleague and associate scientist in the Marine Chemistry and Geochemistry Department at WHOI. It's wonderful to see John honored for these efforts by the National Academy of Sciences.

Waterbury was elected a Fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science in 1994, and a Fellow of the American Academy of Microbiology in 2003. He has authored or co-authored over 60 papers.

( From http://www.rxpgnews.com ) The skeletal structure of the foot and ankle differs significantly between human sprinters and non-sprinters, according to Penn State researchers. Their findings not only help explain why some people are faster runners than others, but also may be useful in helping people who have difficulty walking, such as older adults and children with cerebral palsy.

According to Stephen Piazza, associate professor of kinesiology, the research is the first to use magnetic resonance imaging to demonstrate that sprinters have significantly longer bones in their forefeet than non-sprinters and reduced leverage in their Achilles tendons than non-sprinters.

We made the most direct measurement possible of leverage in the Achilles tendon and found that sprinters' tendons had shorter lever arms -- or reduced leverage for pushing their bodies off of the ground -- compared to non-sprinters, said Piazza.

Piazza explained that there may be a trade-off between leverage and tendon force when rapid muscle contraction is required.

Imagine a wheelbarrow with 30-foot handles. Such long handles would provide you with great mechanical advantage compared to what you would get from a wheelbarrow with three-foot handles, but rapidly producing the same rotation of this wheelbarrow would be more difficult because you'd have to move the ends of the handles really fast. It is easier for your hands to generate these lifting forces when they move a few inches rather than a few feet in the same amount of time, said Piazza. The Achilles tendons are like your hands; they are better able to lift your body (the wheelbarrow) when the handles are long enough to provide sufficient leverage without being so long that they prevent rapid force generation by the calf muscles.

According to Josh Baxter, graduate student, shorter Achilles tendon lever arms and longer toe bones permit sprinters to generate greater contact force between the foot and the ground and to maintain that force for a longer time, thus providing advantages to people with sprinter-like feet.

To conduct their research, the scientists studied two groups of eight males, for a total of 16 people. The first group was composed of sprinters who were involved in regular sprint training and competition. The second group consisted of height-matched individuals who never had trained or competed in sprinting. To be included in the sprinter group, individuals were required to currently be engaged in competitive sprinting and have at least three years of continuous sprint training. Of the eight sprinters, six competed in the 100-meter dash, with personal-best times ranging from 10.5 to 11.1 seconds. The other two men reported 200-meter personal best times of 21.4 and 24.1 seconds.

The researchers took MRI images of the right foot and ankle of each of the subjects. They then used specialized software to analyze the images. The scientists found that the Achilles tendon lever arms of sprinters were 12 percent shorter than those of non-sprinters. They also found that the combined length of the bones in the big toes of sprinters was on average 6.2 percent longer than that of non-sprinters, while the length of another foot bone, the first metatarsal, was 4.3 percent longer for sprinters than for non-sprinters. Their results are reported in the current issue of the

( From http://www.rxpgnews.com ) MANHATTAN, KAN. -- A Kansas State University professor is turning to nutrition to tackle prostate cancer.

Brian Lindshield, assistant professor of human nutrition, is helping men make more informed diet decisions by studying foods and dietary supplements that may reduce the risk of prostate cancer. Prostate cancer is one of the most common forms of cancer among men in the United States.

I'm interested in researching ways to prevent prostate cancer rather than how to treat it after a person has been diagnosed with cancer, Lindshield said.

The goal of Lindshield's research is twofold: He is performing basic studies that examine specific drugs as well as dietary supplements. His research has been supported by grants from the Johnson Cancer Research Center and the National Institute of Health Center of Biomedical Research Excellence, or COBRE, for epithelial function in health and disease.

One project focuses specifically on two drugs -- finasteride and dutasteride -- that are used to treat benign prostatic hyperplasia, or BPH, which is an enlargement of the prostate. Both drugs inhibit enzymes that convert the male hormone testosterone to a more potent form, called dihydrotestosterone, or DHT. Finasteride inhibits one of these enzymes, while dutasteride inhibits both of these enzymes.

Because these drugs inhibit DHT production, they may also prevent the development of prostate cancer. Several clinical trials have shown that both drugs decrease prostate cancer incidence, but at a cost.

Among the men who took these drugs and still got prostate cancer, more of them had a high-grade or more aggressive prostate cancer, Lindshield said. It's kind of a double-edged sword. These drugs can lower the risk of developing prostate cancer, but they also might lead to worse outcomes for men who do develop the disease.

That's where Lindshield's research fits in: He is comparing finasteride and dutasteride to see if one is better than the other.

Our hypothesis is that dutasteride is a better option because it inhibits both enzymes while finasteride only inhibits one, Lindshield said.

For a second project, Lindshield is studying different dietary supplements that affect prostate cancer risk. He is focusing on extract from saw palmetto, a type of shrub that looks similar to a palm tree. Many men take saw palmetto extract because it is believed to benefit prostatic health and inhibit the same enzymes as finasteride and dutasteride. But a lack of regulation and research surrounding saw palmetto has not provided clear insight into whether taking the extract is beneficial.

The supplement market is kind of the wild world of whatever goes, Lindshield said. It is not regulated in the United States, so many different kinds of saw palmetto extracts exist.

Lindshield wants to determine the composition of different saw palmetto extracts and determine which ones may be most effective. So far the researchers have collected various saw palmetto extracts -- from small liquids to capsules. They are beginning to measure the active components of each of the extracts and then will look at different extracts to see if they are effective in decreasing prostate cancer.

We want to look at how they affect growth of prostate cancer cells and inhibit the enzymes that produce DHT, Lindshield said.

While both projects are in the early stages, Lindshield hopes that they can provide insight into ways that men can reduce their risk of prostate cancer.

( From http://www.rxpgnews.com ) Doctors and researchers of Hospital del Mar and its research institute, the IMIM, have lead a study describing a new pharmacological resistance to cancer. This new mechanism is a mutation in an oncogene called EGFR (epidermal growth factor receptor) causing resistance to treatment using a drug called cetuximab, a monoclonal antibody which specifically attacks the EGFR.

The study proves that, both in lab models and in patients with colon cancer, this mutation appears during the disease and that, when this happens, it stops the drug from being effective and the tumor grows. This finding will benefit a large number of patients since colorectal cancer is the second most frequent tumor and cetuximab is a drug used regularly to treat this form of cancer.

Also, another extremely relevant fact is that tumors acquire this mutation do respond to a treatment using another similar drug, called panitumumab, which is also available for clinical use. This carries important clinical implications, since it suggests the possibility of carrying out clinical tests to confirm the effectiveness of panitumumab in patients with colon cancer who no longer respond to cetuximab, this increasing the range of therapies that may be used on patients with this cancer.

The relevance of this study is also in the fact that it is the first time that a mutation is detected in the field of oncology instead of a bond with the antibody as a form of resistance. Therefore, it will be interesting to see whether there are other similar mutations causing resistance to other pharmacological antibodies which are used frequently to treat other forms of cancer, such as breast cancer.

Therefore, this is a completely new mechanism of resistance to a drug used very often for a type of cancer with a high incidence and relevant clinical implications for the treatment of patients with this type of cancer.

The discovery of this mutation may explain, at a molecular level, the benefits obtained by some patients with colon cancer treated with panitumumab and the inefficiency when treating with cetuximab explains Clara Montagut, an associate doctor of the Oncology service of Hospital del Mar and a researcher at IMIM, who has lead this study.

Colorectal cancer is the most frequent form of cancer in men and women and shows an increasing incidence, and is the main cause of death by cancer when studying the cases in male and female patients jointly. However, over the past decade, treatment has been revolutionized with the introduction of new chemotherapy drugs and treatments targeting cellular targets, such as monoclonal antibodies or drugs used to treat colorectal cancer. Dr. Joan Albanell, head of the Medical Oncologic service of Hospital del Mar and head of the research group and the author of the study, states that: This new type of mutation reveals one of the causes why cancer therapy with monoclonal antibodies may cease to be effective at a given moment and, especially, opens the door to looking for solutions.

Dr. Montagut concludes by saying: These results justify developing tests to detect this mutation in patients that are being treated with cetuximab for colorectal cancer. Later studies shall also have to validate whether this mutation contributes to acquiring a resistance to cetuximab in tumors for which it is also used, such as head and throat cancer.